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How to Solve Systems of Equations

Two equations, two unknowns—use substitution or elimination to find where they intersect.

📐 Algebra⏱️ ~12 min read📊 Intermediate

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What You'll Learn

  • Substitution method (best when one variable is already isolated)
  • Elimination method (best when coefficients line up)
  • How to recognize no solution vs. infinite solutions
  • When to use which method

What is a System of Equations?

A system is two (or more) equations that must be true at the same time. The solution is the values of x and y that satisfy both equations.

2x + y = 7
x - y = 2

Graphically, it's where two lines intersect. Algebraically, we find x and y values that work in both equations.

For a visual explanation, see Purplemath's systems guide.

Method 1: Substitution

Best when: One variable is already isolated (like y = ... or x = ...)

Step 1: Isolate one variable

Pick the equation where it's easiest to solve for x or y.

Step 2: Substitute into the other equation

Replace that variable with the expression you found.

Step 3: Solve for the remaining variable

Now you have one equation with one unknown—solve it!

Step 4: Back-substitute

Plug your answer back into either equation to find the other variable.

Substitution Example

Solve: y = 2x + 1 and 3x + y = 11

y is already isolated in equation 1!
Substitute y = 2x + 1 into equation 2:
3x + (2x + 1) = 11
5x + 1 = 11
5x = 10
x = 2
Back-substitute: y = 2(2) + 1 = 5
Solution: (2, 5)
Check: 3(2) + 5 = 11 ✓

Method 2: Elimination (Addition Method)

Best when: Coefficients are opposites or can be made opposites easily

Step 1: Line up the equations

Write in standard form (Ax + By = C) with variables aligned.

Step 2: Make coefficients opposites

Multiply one or both equations so one variable has opposite coefficients.

Step 3: Add the equations

One variable cancels out! Solve for the remaining variable.

Step 4: Back-substitute

Plug your answer into either original equation.

Elimination Example

Solve: 2x + 3y = 12 and 4x - 3y = 6

y coefficients are already opposites (+3 and -3)!
2x + 3y = 12
4x - 3y = 6
6x + 0 = 18
x = 3
Back-substitute into first equation:
2(3) + 3y = 12 → 6 + 3y = 12 → 3y = 6 → y = 2
Solution: (3, 2)

Which Method Should I Use?

If you see...Use...
One variable already isolated (y = ...)Substitution
Coefficient of 1 or -1 (easy to isolate)Substitution
Opposite coefficients already (like +3y and -3y)Elimination
Same coefficients (like 2y and 2y)Elimination (subtract)
No obvious choiceEither works!

Special Cases

❌ No Solution

If you get something like 0 = 5 (false), the lines are parallel—they never intersect.

Example: x + y = 3 and x + y = 7

∞ Infinite Solutions

If you get 0 = 0 (always true), the equations are the same line.

Example: 2x + 4y = 8 and x + 2y = 4

Common Mistakes to Avoid

⚠️

Substituting into the wrong equation

After solving for x, plug into an ORIGINAL equation, not one you modified.

⚠️

Forgetting to multiply ALL terms

When multiplying an equation by a number, multiply EVERY term including the constant.

⚠️

Not checking in BOTH equations

Your answer must work in both original equations—always verify!

Need 3 variables? See our guide on solving systems with 3 variables.

Stuck on a System of Equations?

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How to Solve Systems of Equations | Substitution & Elimination